John Locke (1632–1704) is among the most influential political philosophers of the modern period. In the Two Treatises of Government, he defended the claim that men are by nature free and equal against claims that God had made all people naturally subject to a monarch. He argued that people have rights, such as the right to life, liberty, and property, that have a foundation independent of the laws of any particular society. Locke used the claim that men are naturally free and equal as part of the justification for understanding legitimate political government as the result of a social contract where people in the state of nature conditionally transfer some of their rights to the government in order to better ensure the stable, comfortable enjoyment of their lives, liberty, and property.
Since governments exist by the consent of the people in order to protect the rights of the people and promote the public good, governments that fail to do so can be resisted and replaced with new governments. Locke is thus also important for his defense of the right of revolution.
Locke also defends the principle of majority rule and the separation of legislative and executive powers. In the Letter Concerning Toleration, Locke denied that coercion should be used to bring people to (what the ruler believes is) the true religion and also denied that churches should have any coercive power over their members. Locke elaborated on these themes in his later political writings, such as the Second Letter on Toleration and Third Letter on Toleration. For a more general introduction to Locke's history and background, the argument of the Two Treatises, and the Letter Concerning Toleration, see, and, respectively, of the main entry on in this encyclopedia. The present entry focuses on seven central concepts in Locke's political philosophy. Filmer, Robert, Patriarcha and Other Writings, Johann P.
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Franklin, Julian, 1978, John Locke and the Theory of Sovereignty, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Forde, Steven, 2001, “Natural Law, Theology, and Morality in Locke”, American Journal of Political Science, 45: 396–409.
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The Supreme Philosophy Of Man The Laws Of Life Pdf Free Download
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–––, 2002b, “Rethinking the Intolerant Locke”, American Journal of Political Science, 46: 288–298. –––, 2008, “Punishment, Property, and the Limits of Altruism: Locke's International Asymmetry”, American Political Science Review, 208: 467–480. –––, 2010, “Retribution and Restitution in Locke's Theory of Punishment”, Journal of Politics, 72: 720–732. Tully, James, 1980, A Discourse on Property, John Locke and his adversaries, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. –––, 1993, An Approach to Political Philosophy: Locke in Contexts, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Tunick, Mark, 2014, “John Locke and the Right to Bear Arms”, History of Political Thought, 35: 50–69.
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–––, 1993, “Locke, Toleration, and the Rationality of Persecution” in Liberal Rights: Collected Papers 1981–1991, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. –––, 2002, God, Locke, and Equality: Christian Foundations of Locke's Political Thought, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Wolfson, Adam, 2010, Persecution or Toleration: An Explication of the Locke-Proast Quarrel, Plymouth: Lexington Books. Wood, Neal, 1983, The Politics of Locke's Philosophy, Berkeley, University of California Press. –––, 1984, John Locke and Agrarian Capitalism, Berkeley, University of California Press. Woolhouse, R.S., 2007, John Locke: A Biography, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Wootton, David, 1993, “Introduction” to Political Writings by John Locke, London: Penguin Books.
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